| Esperanto ⇒ English | Esperanto ⇐ English | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| aĉet/i | buy | pri | about, concerning |
| adiaŭ | goodbye | super | above |
| aer/o | air | Afrik/o | Africa |
| afer/o | case, affair, thing | post | after |
| Afrik/o | Africa | denove | again |
| akr/a | sharp | kontraŭ | against |
| akv/o | water | aer/o | air |
| al | to(wards) | jam | already |
| ali/a | other | ankaŭ | also |
| am/i | love | inter | among, between |
| amik/o | friend | kaj | and |
| angl/o | Englishman | respond/i | answer |
| ankaŭ | also | apetit/o | appetite |
| anstataŭ | instead of | april/o | April |
| antaŭ | in front of, before | sag/o | arrow |
| apetit/o | appetite | demand/i | ask (a question) |
| april/o | April | pet/i | ask (request) |
| apud | beside | ĉe | at |
| arb/o | tree | aŭgust/o | August |
| atend/i | wait for | for | away |
| atest/i | testify | fraŭl/o | bachelor |
| aŭ | or | pilk/o | ball |
| aŭd/i | hear | est/i | be |
| aŭgust/o | August | pov/i | be able to |
| aŭskult/i | listen | plaĝ/o | beach |
| aŭt/o | car | bel/a | beautiful |
| aŭtobus/o | bus | ĉar | because, since (conj.) |
| bat/i | hit | bier/o | beer |
| bel/a | beautiful | komenc/i | begin (trans.) |
| bezon/i | need | ĝoj/i | be glad |
| bicikl/o | bicycle | plaĉ/i | be pleasing |
| bier/o | beer | sat/i | be satisfied |
| bigami/o | bigamy | apud | beside |
| bilard/o | billiards, pool | bicikl/o | bicycle |
| bird/o | bird | grand/a | big |
| blank/a | white | bigami/o | bigamy |
| blind/a | blind | bilard/o | billiards, pool |
| blond/a | blonde | bird/o | bird |
| blu/a | blue | nigr/a | black |
| bon/a | good | blind/a | blind |
| bov/o | cow, bull, ox | blond/a | blonde |
| bril/i | shine | blu/a | blue |
| brun/a | brown | ost/o | bone |
| bub/o | brat | libr/o | book |
| bufed/o | buffet | klin/i | bow, lean over (trans.) |
| butik/o | shop | skatol/o | box |
| butikum/i | go (be) out shopping | knab/o | boy |
| cel/o | target, goal | bub/o | brat |
| cent | hundred | pan/o | bread |
| ci | thou | frat/o | brother |
| cigared/o | cigarette | brun/a | brown |
| ĉambr/o | room | bufed/o | buffet |
| ĉar | because, since (conj.) | aŭtobus/o | bus |
| ĉas/i | hunt, chase | sed | but |
| ĉe | at | aĉet/i | buy |
| ĉeval/o | horse | per | by means of |
| ĉi | this (with correlative) | kuk/o | cake |
| ĉokolad/o | chocolate | kanjon/o | canyon |
| ĉu (interr.) | (is it true that...) | aŭt/o | car |
| da | of (quantity) | port/i | carry, wear |
| danc/i | dance | afer/o | case, affair, thing |
| dank/i | thank | kat/o | cat |
| daŭr/i | continue, last | kapt/i | catch |
| de | of, from | seĝ/o | chair |
| decembr/o | December | infan/o | child |
| dek | ten | ĉokolad/o | chocolate |
| demand/i | ask (a question) | ĥor/o | choir |
| denove | again | cigared/o | cigarette |
| dens/a | dense | pur/a | clean, pure |
| dev/i | must | ferm/i | close |
| dezir/i | wish, desire | klub/o | club, group |
| dimanĉ/o | Sunday | kaf/o | coffee |
| dir/i | say | kokakol/o | Coke |
| disk/o | record, disc | ven/i | come |
| dolĉ/a | sweet | kongres/o | congress, convention |
| dom/o | house | kontent/a | content |
| dorm/i | sleep | daŭr/i | continue, last |
| du | two | kuir/i | cook |
| dum | while, during | korespond/i | correspond |
| edz/o | husband | kost/i | cost |
| eĥ/o | echo | land/o | country, land |
| ekster | outside | kurs/o | course |
| ekzerc/i | exercise | bov/o | cow, bull, ox |
| el | out of | kri/i | cry |
| en | in | plor/i | cry |
| erar/o | error | tas/o | cup |
| eskim/o | Eskimo | tranĉ/i | cut |
| esperant/o | esperanto | danc/i | dance |
| est/i | be | tag/o | day |
| Eŭrop/a | European | decembr/o | December |
| facil/a | easy | dens/a | dense |
| fal/i | fall | far/i | do, make |
| famili/o | family | hund/o | dog |
| far/i | do, make | rob/o | dress |
| fart/i | fare | trink/i | drink |
| februar/o | February | sek/a | dry |
| feliĉ/a | happy | ter/o | earth |
| fenestr/o | window | facil/a | easy |
| ferm/i | close | manĝ/i | eat |
| fil/o | son | eĥ/o | echo |
| fin/i | finish / end (trans.) | ov/o | egg |
| flav/a | yellow | ok | eight |
| for | away | angl/o | Englishman |
| forges/i | forget | kovert/o | envelope |
| frat/o | brother | erar/o | error |
| fraŭl/o | bachelor | eskim/o | Eskimo |
| fum/o | smoke | esperant/o | esperanto |
| gajn/i | win | Eŭrop/a | European |
| geografi/o | geography | vesper/o | evening |
| glaci/o | ice | ekzerc/i | exercise |
| glob/o | globe, sphere | fal/i | fall |
| gol/o | goal | famili/o | family |
| grand/a | big | fart/i | fare |
| griz/a | grey | patr/o | father |
| gust/o | taste | februar/o | February |
| ĝangal/o | jungle | trov/i | find |
| ĝarden/o | garden | fin/i | finish / end (trans.) |
| ĝi | it | kvin | five |
| ĝis | until | nutraĵ/o | food, nourishment |
| ĝoj/i | be glad | por | for |
| halt/i | stop (intrans.) | forges/i | forget |
| hav/i | have | kvar | four |
| hejm/o | home | vendred/o | Friday |
| herb/o | grass | amik/o | friend |
| hom/o | person | plen/a | full |
| hor/o | hour | ĝarden/o | garden |
| hund/o | dog | geografi/o | geography |
| ĥor/o | choir | glob/o | globe, sphere |
| ide/o | idea | ir/i | go |
| ili | they | butikum/i | go (be) out shopping |
| imag/i | imagine | gol/o | goal |
| indian/o | indian (N American) | bon/a | good |
| infan/o | child | adiaŭ | goodbye |
| insekt/o | insect | herb/o | grass |
| instru/i | teach | verd/a | green |
| inter | among, between | salut/i | greet |
| interes/i | interest (trans.) | griz/a | grey |
| interes/o | interest | feliĉ/a | happy |
| ir/i | go | hav/i | have |
| jaĥt/o | yacht | li | he |
| jam | already | san/a | healthy |
| januar/o | January | aŭd/i | hear |
| jar/o | year | bat/i | hit |
| je | (indef. preposition) | hejm/o | home |
| jes | yes | ĉeval/o | horse |
| juli/o | July | hor/o | hour |
| jun/a | young | dom/o | house |
| juni/o | June | cent | hundred |
| ĵaluz/o | jealousy | ĉas/i | hunt, chase |
| ĵaŭd/o | Thursday | edz/o | husband |
| ĵurnal/o | newspaper | mi | I |
| ĵus | just (now) | je | (indef. preposition) |
| kaf/o | coffee | ĉu (interr.) | (is it true that...) |
| kaj | and | glaci/o | ice |
| kanjon/o | canyon | ide/o | idea |
| kant/i | sing | se | if |
| kapt/i | catch | imag/i | imagine |
| kat/o | cat | tuj | immediately |
| ke | that | en | in |
| klin/i | bow, lean over (trans.) | indian/o | indian (N American) |
| klub/o | club, group | antaŭ | in front of, before |
| knab/o | boy | insekt/o | insect |
| kokakol/o | Coke | anstataŭ | instead of |
| komenc/i | begin (trans.) | interes/o | interest |
| kompren/i | understand | interes/i | interest (trans.) |
| kon/i | know, be acq. with | ĝi | it |
| kongres/o | congress, convention | januar/o | January |
| kontent/a | content | ĵaluz/o | jealousy |
| kontraŭ | against | juli/o | July |
| korespond/i | correspond | juni/o | June |
| kost/i | cost | ĝangal/o | jungle |
| kovert/o | envelope | ĵus | just (now) |
| kri/i | cry | sci/i | know (something) |
| kuir/i | cook | kon/i | know, be acq. with |
| kuk/o | cake | lingv/o | language |
| kun | with | rid/i | laugh |
| kunikl/o | rabbit | lern/i | learn |
| kur/i | run | limonad/o | lemonade |
| kurs/o | course | lecion/o | lesson |
| kvar | four | leter/o | letter |
| kvin | five | mensog/i | lie |
| la | the | lum/o | light |
| labor/i | work | ŝat/i | like |
| lakt/o | milk | aŭskult/i | listen |
| land/o | country, land | viv/i | live |
| lav/i | wash | rigard/i | look (at) |
| lecion/o | lesson | am/i | love |
| leg/i | read | vir/o | man |
| lern/i | learn | mart/o | March |
| leter/o | letter | maj/o | May |
| li | he | renkont/i | meet |
| libr/o | book | membr/o | member |
| limonad/o | lemonade | mejl/o | mile |
| lingv/o | language | lakt/o | milk |
| loĝ/i | reside | milion/o | million |
| lud/i | play | minut/o | minute |
| lum/o | light | lund/o | Monday |
| lund/o | Monday | mon/o | money |
| maj/o | May | monat/o | month |
| manĝ/i | eat | pli | more |
| mar/o | sea | maten/o | morning |
| mard/o | Tuesday | plej | most |
| mart/o | March | ŝose/o | motorway, freeway |
| maten/o | morning | mont/o | mountain |
| mejl/o | mile | dev/i | must |
| membr/o | member | nom/o | name |
| mensog/i | lie | naci/o | nation |
| merkred/o | Wednesday | neces/a | necessary |
| met/i | put, place | bezon/i | need |
| mi | I | neŭtral/a | neutral |
| mil | thousand | nov/a | new |
| milion/o | million | ĵurnal/o | newspaper |
| minut/o | minute | nokt/o | night |
| mon/o | money | nul/o | nil, name of nr. zero |
| monat/o | month | naŭ | nine |
| mont/o | mountain | ne | no, not |
| naci/o | nation | nord/o | north |
| naĝ/i | swim | novembr/o | November |
| naŭ | nine | oktobr/o | October |
| ne | no, not | da | of (quantity) |
| neces/a | necessary | de | of, from |
| neĝ/o | snow | oft/e | often |
| neŭtral/a | neutral | sur | on |
| ni | we | oni | one |
| nigr/a | black | unu | one |
| nokt/o | night | aŭ | or |
| nom/o | name | ali/a | other |
| nord/o | north | el | out of |
| nov/a | new | ekster | outside |
| novembr/o | November | paper/o | paper |
| nul | zero | part/o | part |
| nul/o | nil, name of nr. zero | pas/i | pass |
| nutraĵ/o | food, nourishment | plum/o | pen, feather |
| oft/e | often | hom/o | person |
| ok | eight | lud/i | play |
| okaz/i | take place, happen | poŝ/o | |
| oktobr/o | October | polus/o | pole (north and south) |
| ol | than | problem/o | problem |
| ond/o | wave | prosper/i | prosper |
| oni | one | pun/i | punish |
| opini/i | think, have an opinion | met/i | put, place |
| ost/o | bone | rapid/a | quick |
| ov/o | egg | silent/a | quiet |
| paf/i | shoot | kunikl/o | rabbit |
| pan/o | bread | pluv/o | rain |
| pantofl/o | slipper | leg/i | read |
| paper/o | paper | disk/o | record, disc |
| parol/i | speak | varb/i | recruit |
| part/o | part | ruĝ/a | red |
| pas/i | pass | si | reflexive pronoun |
| patr/o | father | postul/i | require, demand |
| pens/i | think | loĝ/i | reside |
| per | by means of | riĉ/a | rich |
| pet/i | ask (request) | ĉambr/o | room |
| pilk/o | ball | kur/i | run |
| plaĉ/i | be pleasing | sam/a | same |
| plaĝ/o | beach | sabl/o | sand |
| plej | most | sandviĉ/o | sandwich |
| plen/a | full | sabat/o | Saturday |
| pli | more | dir/i | say |
| plor/i | cry | traf/i | score, hit |
| plum/o | pen, feather | mar/o | sea |
| pluv/o | rain | vid/i | see |
| polus/o | pole (north and south) | vend/i | sell |
| por | for | septembr/o | September |
| port/i | carry, wear | sep | seven |
| post | after | akr/a | sharp |
| postul/i | require, demand | ŝi | she |
| poŝ/o | ŝaf/o | sheep | |
| pov/i | be able to | bril/i | shine |
| pren/i | take | ŝu/o | shoe |
| pri | about, concerning | paf/i | shoot |
| problem/o | problem | butik/o | shop |
| promen/i | walk | kant/i | sing |
| prosper/i | prosper | ses | six |
| pun/i | punish | dorm/i | sleep |
| pur/a | clean, pure | pantofl/o | slipper |
| rapid/a | quick | fum/o | smoke |
| renkont/i | meet | neĝ/o | snow |
| respond/i | answer | solv/i | solve |
| riĉ/a | rich | fil/o | son |
| rid/i | laugh | son/i | sound |
| rigard/i | look (at) | parol/i | speak |
| rob/o | dress | star/i | stand |
| ruĝ/a | red | step/o | steppe |
| sabat/o | Saturday | halt/i | stop (intrans.) |
| sabl/o | sand | stud/i | study |
| sag/o | arrow | sukces/i | succeed |
| salut/i | greet | sufiĉ/a | sufficient |
| sam/a | same | suker/o | sugar |
| san/a | healthy | valiz/o | suitcase |
| sandviĉ/o | sandwich | sun/o | sun |
| sat/i | be satisfied | dimanĉ/o | Sunday |
| sci/i | know (something) | dolĉ/a | sweet |
| se | if | naĝ/i | swim |
| sed | but | tabl/o | table |
| seĝ/o | chair | tabl/o/tenis/o | table tennis, ping-pong |
| sek/a | dry | pren/i | take |
| semajn/o | week | okaz/i | take place, happen |
| sen | without | cel/o | target, goal |
| sep | seven | task/o | task |
| septembr/o | September | gust/o | taste |
| ses | six | te/o | tea |
| si | reflexive pronoun | instru/i | teach |
| silent/a | quiet | dek | ten |
| skatol/o | box | tenis/o | tennis |
| skrib/i | write | atest/i | testify |
| soif/a | thirsty | ol | than |
| solv/i | solve | dank/i | thank |
| son/i | sound | ke | that |
| star/i | stand | la | the |
| step/o | steppe | ili | they |
| stud/i | study | pens/i | think |
| sub | under | opini/i | think, have an opinion |
| sufiĉ/a | sufficient | soif/a | thirsty |
| sukces/i | succeed | ĉi | this (with correlative) |
| suker/o | sugar | ci | thou |
| sun/o | sun | mil | thousand |
| super | above | teatr/o | threatre |
| sur | on | tri | three |
| ŝaf/o | sheep | tra | through |
| ŝat/i | like | ĵaŭd/o | Thursday |
| ŝi | she | temp/o | time |
| ŝose/o | motorway, freeway | al | to(wards) |
| ŝu/o | shoe | tamtam/o | tomtom |
| tabl/o | table | urb/o | town |
| tabl/o/tenis/o | table tennis, ping-pong | vojaĝ/i | travel |
| tag/o | day | arb/o | tree |
| tamtam/o | tomtom | ver/a | true |
| tas/o | cup | mard/o | Tuesday |
| task/o | task | du | two |
| te/o | tea | tip/o | type |
| teatr/o | threatre | sub | under |
| temp/o | time | kompren/i | understand |
| tenis/o | tennis | ĝis | until |
| ter/o | earth | uz/i | use |
| tip/o | type | vast/a | vast, huge |
| tra | through | tre | very |
| traf/i | score, hit | vilaĝ/o | village |
| tranĉ/i | cut | vizit/i | visit |
| tre | very | atend/i | wait for |
| tri | three | promen/i | walk |
| trink/i | drink | vol/i | want |
| trov/i | find | varm/a | warm |
| tuj | immediately | lav/i | wash |
| tut/a | whole | ond/o | wave |
| unu | one | akv/o | water |
| urb/o | town | ni | we |
| uz/i | use | merkred/o | Wednesday |
| valiz/o | suitcase | semajn/o | week |
| varb/i | recruit | dum | while, during |
| varm/a | warm | blank/a | white |
| vast/a | vast, huge | tut/a | whole |
| ven/i | come | gajn/i | win |
| vend/i | sell | fenestr/o | window |
| vendred/o | Friday | vin/o | wine |
| ver/a | true | dezir/i | wish, desire |
| verd/a | green | kun | with |
| vesper/o | evening | sen | without |
| vi | you | vort/o | word |
| vid/i | see | labor/i | work |
| vilaĝ/o | village | skrib/i | write |
| vin/o | wine | jaĥt/o | yacht |
| vir/o | man | jar/o | year |
| viv/i | live | flav/a | yellow |
| vizit/i | visit | jes | yes |
| vojaĝ/i | travel | vi | you |
| vol/i | want | jun/a | young |
| vort/o | word | nul | zero |
| Affix | Meaning | Examples of use |
|---|---|---|
| I a. Official Prefixes: | ||
| bo- | relationship by marriage, -in-law |
bopatrino = mother-in-law bofrato = brother-in-law |
| dis- | dis-, dispersal, separation, scattering, dismemberment |
disĵeti = to scatter about, disdoni = to distribute, disaŭdigi = to broadcast, disigi = to separate, to take apart, disiĝi = to disintegrate, to fall apart |
| ek- | momentary, sudden, commencement, beginning of action or brief lasting action |
ekiri = to start, ekbrili = to flash, ekvidi = to notice, ekkrii = to shout out, eki = to begin, to start, ni eku! = let's get started |
| eks- | ex-, former | eksreĝo = ex-king, eksedzino = ex-wife, eksigi = to discharge (from office), to impeach, eksiĝi = to resign |
| fi- | shameful, nasty, morally bad, moral degradation, contempt |
fiago = shameful act, figazeto = "smutty" magazine, fialudi = innuendo, evil insinuation, fikomercisto = swindler, fia = nasty, horrid, fiaĉa = repulsing in any regard |
| ge- | of both sexes together | gepatroj = parents, gejunuloj = youth, young people, gesinjoroj = ladies and gentleman, gea = of both sexes, unisex |
| mal- | opposite | malgranda = small, malami = to hate, malaperi = to vanish, to disappear, malriĉa = poor, malbona = bad, malbela = ugly, malforta = weak, malfacila = difficult, maldekstra = left, malfermi = to open, malkonsenti = to disagree, mala = opposite, male = on the contrary, contrary to |
| mis- | mis-, amiss, wrongly | miskompreni = to misunderstand, miskompreno = misunderstanding, misuzi = to misuse, misuzo = abuse |
| pra- | remote (time), primordiality, remoteness of relationship, of great antiquity, primeval, great (in family relationship), ancient, fore- |
prapatroj = ancestors, praavo = great-grandfather, pranepo = great-grandson, prahistorio = prehistory, pratempo = the ancient past, pratempa, praa = ancient |
| re- | re-, return, repetition, back, over again |
resendi = to send back, reveni = to come back, to return (intr), redoni = to give back, to return (tr), rebrili = to reflect, reverki = to re-write (a book, etc.) |
| I b. Unofficial Prefixes: | ||
| pseŭdo- | pseudo- | pseŭdoscienco = pseudoscience, pseŭdonomo = pseudonym |
| retro- | backward | retroiri = to retire, withdraw, retreat, retrorigardi = to look back |
| II a. Official Suffixes: | ||
| -aĉ- | scorn, disparagement, contemptible, disgusting, bad kind |
domaĉo = hovel, shack, shanty, skribaĉi = to scrawl, infanaĉo = brat, virinaĉo = hag, ĉevalaĉo = sorry nag, veteraĉo = filthy weather, aĉulo = creep, thug, aĉaĵo = abomination |
| -ad- | frequent, repetitive or habitual action, prolonged action, continuation of action |
naĝado = swimming, pafado = shooting, kuirado = cooking, agadi = to act, agado = action, activity, movado = movement, parolado = a speach, kuradi = to keep on running |
| -aĵ- | thing (concrete idea), a concrete manifestation of an abstraction, the external manifestation of an activity, a characteristic piece of behaviour, the flesh of an animal, product, dish |
segaĵo = sawdust, bovaĵo = beef, ŝafaĵo = mutton, kokinaĵo, kokidaĵo = chicken, fluaĵo = liquid, pakaĵo = package, thing packed, sendaĵo = shipment, thing sent, infanaĵo = a childish act, ovaĵo = scrambled eggs, ĝentilaĵo = polite, courteous act, verdaĵo = greenery, something green, manĝaĵo = food, fragaĵo = strawberry jam, sekaĵoj = dry goods, dolĉaĵoj = sweets, candies, aĵo = a thing, object, Esperantaĵoj = publications or other collectibles related to Esperanto |
| -an- | member (of a group), inhabitant (of a place or country), partisan, participant, adherent |
ano = member, klubano = club member, kursano = a course participant, kongresano = congressman, delegate, vilaĝano = villager, urbanoj = townspeople, nederlandano = dutchman, londonano = londoner, amerikanoj = americans, kristano = christian |
| -ar- | collective, group, set, a collection of like things |
arbaro = forest, woods, anaro = members' body, vortaro = dictionary, libraro = library, aŭdantaro = audience, homaro = mankind, aro = collection, set |
| -ĉj- | pet-name (masculine) [truncation of root optional] |
paĉjo = daddy, Joĉjo = Johnny, Joe, Tomĉjo = Tom, Tommy |
| -ebl- | -able, -ible, possibility | legebla = legible, portebla = portable, videbla = visible, manĝebla = edible, kredebla = credible, believable, kredeble = possibly, probably, eble = perhaps, ebla = possible, ebleco = possibility |
| -ec- | quality, abstract idea, -ness, -ship |
blankeco = whiteness, rapideco = speed, silkeca = silky, amikeco = friendship, klareco = clearness, profesoreco = professorship, moleco = softness, malmoleco = hardness, eco = quality |
| -eg- | augmentative, great size, intense degree |
bonega = excellent, petegi = to beseech, to implore, domego = mansion, ridegi = to guffaw, varmega = hot, ega = great, ege = very |
| -ej- | place alloted to or characterized by, space |
lernejo = school, kuirejo = kitchen, loĝejo = apartment, vendejo = store, herbejo = meadow, hundejo = dog kennel, preĝejo = temple, church, ejo = place |
| -em- | propensity, disposition, tendency |
babilema = loquacious, parolema = talkative, komprenema = understanding, laborema = hard working, industrious, ŝparema = thrifty, mortema = mortal, ludema = playful, kredema = credulous, kolerema = irascible, suspektema = open to suspicion, samseksema = homosexual, malsamseksema = heterosexual, ambaŭseksema = bisexusual, ema = inclined, disposed, prone, apt, malema = unwilling, reluctant, eme = willingly, readily, emo = tendency, inclination, disposition |
| -end- | to be -ed, which-must-be-done, necessity of action |
pagenda = payable, to be payed, due, detruenda = to be destroyed, solvenda = must be solved, farenda = to be done, must be done |
| -er- | item, unit, fragment, small particle of a whole, element |
panero = crumb, ĉenero = link, pluvero = raindrop, monero = coin, pulvero = dust particle, fajrero = spark, sablero = grain of sand, diserigi = to split up, grind down, ero = element, particle, part |
| -estr- | leader, ruler, head, chief | estro = chief, estri = to govern, direct, lead, ŝtatestro = head of state, guberniestro = state governor, staciestro = station master, urbestro = mayor, regnestro = ruler, lernejestro = head-master, principal, school director, ŝipestro = captain, ship's master |
| -et- | diminutive | dormeti = to doze, to slumber, libreto = booklet, lageto = pond, dometo = cottage, varmeta = luke-warm, rideti = to smile, eta = small, minimal |
| -id- | offspring, the descendant of, the young of an animal |
ido = child, infant, descendant, scion, idoj = progeny, izraelido = israelite, reĝido = prince, hundido = puppy, katido = kitten, ĉevalido = colt, bovido = calf, kokido = chick |
| -ig- | to make, to render, to cause, to bring about |
purigi = to clean, to purify, ebligi = to make possible, mortigi = to kill, plenigi = to fill, blankigi = to whiten, ruinigi = to ruin, bruligi = to burn something (tr), timigi = to frighten, plibonigi = to improve something (tr), lumigi = to put on the light, bindigi = to have bound, starigi = to stand (tr), sciigi = to let know, to inform, igi = to make someone or to cause something to be |
| -iĝ- | to become, get, action of becoming |
edziĝi = to get married (to become a husband), edziniĝi = to get married (to become a wife), naskiĝi = to be born, ruĝiĝi = to blush, blankiĝi = to grow white, whiten, pliboniĝi = to improve (intr), sidiĝi = to sit down, to become seated, moviĝi = to move of itself, enlitiĝi = to get into bed, ruliĝi = to roll (intr), sciiĝi = to get to know, become aware, iĝi = to become by self |
| -il- | instrument, means, tool, implement |
ilo = tool, hakilo = axe, ŝlosilo = key, kudrilo = needle, tranĉilo = knife, razilo = razor, flugilo = wing, montrilo = pointer, arrow |
| -in- | female, feminine | virino = woman, patrino = mother, reĝino = queen, fratino = sister, onklino = aunt, ĉevalino = mare, kokino = hen, ino = female |
| -ind- | worthiness, worthy to be -ed |
laŭdinda = praiseworthy, admirinda = worthy of admiration, admirable, worth -ing aminda = loveable, worthy of love, memorinda = memorable, vidinda = worth seeing, vizitinda = worth a trip, inda = worthy |
| -ing- | holder, socket, sheath (for one object) |
glavingo = scabbard, plumingo = penholder, kandelingo = candlestick |
| -ist- | person habitually occupied or concerned with something, professional or enthusiastic amateur, adherent, partisan |
instruisto = teacher, artisto = artist, pentristo = painter, policisto = policeman, maŝinisto = machinist, biciklisto = cyclist, maristo = sailor, ŝuisto = shoemaker, drogisto = druggist, marksisto = marxist, Esperantisto = Esperantist |
| -nj- | pet-name (feminine) [truncation of root optional] |
panjo = mommy, Manjo = Mary, Nenjo = Nellie |
| -obl- | multiple | unuobla = single, duobla = double, twofold, trioble = triply, three times, kvaroble = fourfold, quadruply, dekduoble = twelve times, dudekoble = twenty times, centoble = a hundredfold, multobligi, obligi = to multiply |
| -on- | fraction | duono = half, duonigi = to halve, sesono = sixth, centono = a hundredth part |
| -op- | collective | unuope = one by one, singly, duope = two by two, in twos, kvaropo = quartet, kvarope = four abreast, by fours, centope = by hundreds, a hundred at a time |
| -uj- | (1) container, receptacle | monujo = purse, inkujo = inkstand, ujo = generic container |
| (2) land, country | Anglujo = England, Esperantujo = Esperanto-land (everywhere where E-o is spoken) | |
| (3) tree or bush bearing fruit |
pomujo = apple tree, pirujo = pear-tree, plumujo = plum-tree, vinberujo = vine | |
| -ul- | person (possesing a certain quality), characterised by |
junulo = youth, young man, belulino = beauty, bravulo = brave man, blindulo = blind person, surdulo = deaf person, mutulo = mute person, riĉulo = rich man, drinkulo = drunkard, saĝulo = wise man, sage, samseksemulo = homosexual, gay, kunulo = companion, fremdulo = stranger, ulo = person, individual |
| -um- | indefinite relation | malvarmumi = to catch cold, plenumi = to fulfil, tendumi = to camp, literumi = to spell, okulumi = to ogle, foliumi = to browse, to glance (through a book), kolumo = collar, manumo = wrist band, plandumo = sole (of shoe), ventumi = to fan, ventumilo = a fan, aerumi = to ventilate, komunumo = community, krucumi = to crucify, amikumi = to be friends, Esperantumi = to use Esperanto (and to enjoy it) |
| II b. Unofficial Suffixes: | ||
| -i- | country | Francio = France, Britio = Great Britain, Bulgario, Meksikio |
| -ism- | -ism, theory, system, characteristic behaviour, pattern |
platonismo = platonism, protektismo = protectionism, alkoholismo = alcoholism, magnetismo = magnetism, fetiĉismo = fetishism, anglismo = anglicism |
| i- some, any |
ki- what |
ti- that |
ĉi- every, all |
neni- no | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -a quality |
ia some kind of, any kind of of some kind, of any kind |
kia what kind of what (a) |
tia that kind of such (a) |
ĉia every kind of all kinds of all |
nenia no kind of no |
| -al reason |
ial for some reason |
kial why |
tial for that reason that's why |
ĉial for every reason |
nenial for no reason |
| -am time |
iam sometime ever |
kiam when |
tiam then |
ĉiam always |
neniam never |
| -e place |
ie somewhere anywhere |
kie where |
tie there |
ĉie everywhere |
nenie nowhere |
| -el manner |
iel somehow in any manner |
kiel how; as |
tiel that way that's how |
ĉiel in every way |
neniel in no way |
| -es property |
ies someone's anyone's |
kies whose which one's |
ties that one's |
ĉies everybody's |
nenies nobody's |
| -o thing |
io something anything |
kio what |
tio that |
ĉio everything |
nenio nothing |
| -om quantity |
iom some any |
kiom how much how many |
tiom so much so many |
ĉiom all |
neniom none |
| -u individual |
iu somebody some |
kiu who which |
tiu that person that |
ĉiu everybody every |
neniu nobody no |